
Python
Python 是语法一门高阶、动态类型的速览多范式编程语言。人生苦短,机器请用Python,学习大量功能强大的环境语法糖的同时让很多时候Python代码看上去有点像伪代码。譬如我们用Python实现的搭建简易的快排相较于Java会显得很短小精悍:
def quicksort(arr): if len(arr) <= 1: return arr pivot = arr[len(arr) / 2] left = [x for x in arr if x < pivot] middle = [x for x in arr if x == pivot] right = [x for x in arr if x > pivot] return quicksort(left) + middle + quicksort(right) print quicksort([3,6,8,10,1,2,1]) # Prints "[1, 1, 2, 3, 6, 8, 10]" Python 版本
Python社区存在的最大的问题就是版本分裂,这也是语法笔者一直觉得有点鸡肋般的感觉,毕竟对于处女座而言实在是速览难受。目前Python社区中存在两个不同的机器主要版本:2.7与3.4。Python 3.0引入了很多不向后兼容的学习变化,因此很多遵循2.7版本的环境代码并不能适用于3.4版本。我们可以使用python --version命令来查看当前使用的搭建版本。
常用习惯
模块 注意点 换行 反斜杠()继续上一行,语法Python文件以模块形式组织。速览Python程序语句不以分号结尾,机器而以换行符结尾。Python 使用硬回车来分割语句, 冒号和缩进来分割代码块。C++ 和 Java 使用分号来分割语句, 花括号来分割代码块。云服务器提供商 注释 a. 使用#符号标示注释; b. 在模块、类或者函数起始添加一个字符串起文档作用; c. 使用三引号标示注释。 print """ Usage: thingy [OPTIONS] -h Display this usage message -H hostname Hostname to connect to """ 主流程 Python 中没有子程序,只有函数, 所有的函数都有返回值,并且所有的函数都以 def 开始。 字符串 Python中单引号与双引号的区别类似于PHP中,双引号中可以包括单引号。 数组 Python中数组下标可以为负数,即从右端开始计量,-1即为最后一个数。Python不可以修改数组中值,字符串下标索引方式类似于MATLAB。 函数 Python的函数可以嵌套定义
Installation:环境搭建
Conda
笔者推荐使用Anaconda作为环境搭建工具,并且推荐使用Python 3.5版本,可以在这里下载。如果是习惯使用Docker的小伙伴可以参考anaconda-notebook
docker pull rothnic/anaconda-notebook docker run -p 8888:8888 -i -t rothnic/anaconda-notebook 安装完毕之后可以使用如下命令验证安装是否完毕:
conda --version 安装完毕之后我们就可以创建具体的开发环境了,主要是通过create命令来创建新的独立环境:
conda create --name snowflakes biopython 该命令会创建一个名为snowflakes并且安装了Biopython的环境,如果你需要切换到该开发环境,可以使用activate命令:
Linux, OS X: source activate snowflakes Windows: activate snowflakes 我们也可以在创建环境的时候指明是用python2还是python3:
conda create --name bunnies python=3 astroid babel 环境创建完毕之后,我们可以使用info命令查看所有环境:
conda info --envs conda environments: snowflakes * /home/username/miniconda/envs/snowflakes bunnies /home/username/miniconda/envs/bunnies root /home/username/miniconda 当我们切换到某个具体的亿华云计算环境后,可以安装依赖包了:
conda list # 列举当前环境中的所有依赖包 conda install nltk # 安装某个新的依赖 Jupyter Notebook
在Conda安装之后,Jupyter Notebook是默认安装好的,直接在工作目录下打开即可:
jupyter notebook
基础数据类型
和其他主流语言一样,Python为我们提供了包括integer、float、boolean、strings等在内的很多基础类型。
数值类型
x = 3 print type(x) # Prints "<type int>" print x # Prints "3" print x + 1 # Addition; prints "4" print x - 1 # Subtraction; prints "2" print x * 2 # Multiplication; prints "6" print x ** 2 # Exponentiation; prints "9" x += 1 print x # Prints "4" x *= 2 print x # Prints "8" y = 2.5 print type(y) # Prints "<type float>" print y, y + 1, y * 2, y ** 2 # Prints "2.5 3.5 5.0 6.25" 不过需要注意的是,Python并没有x++或者x--这样的自增或者自减操作符。另外,Python内置的也提供了长整型与其他复杂数值类型的整合,可以参考这里。
布尔类型
Python提供了常见的逻辑操作符,不过需要注意的是Python中并没有使用&&、||等,而是直接使用了英文单词。
t = True f = False print type(t) # Prints "<type bool>" print t and f # Logical AND; prints "False" print t or f # Logical OR; prints "True" print not t # Logical NOT; prints "False" print t != f # Logical XOR; prints "True" 字符串
Python对于字符串的支持还是服务器租用很好的,不过需要注意到utf-8编码问题。
hello = hello # String literals can use single quotes world = "world" # or double quotes; it does not matter. print hello # Prints "hello" print len(hello) # String length; prints "5" hw = hello + + world # String concatenation print hw # prints "hello world" hw12 = %s %s %d % (hello, world, 12) # sprintf style string formatting print hw12 # prints "hello world 12" Python中的字符串对象还包含了很多有用的方法,譬如:
s = "hello" print s.capitalize() # Capitalize a string; prints "Hello" print s.upper() # Convert a string to uppercase; prints "HELLO" print s.rjust(7) # Right-justify a string, padding with spaces; prints " hello" print s.center(7) # Center a string, padding with spaces; prints " hello " print s.replace(l, (ell)) # Replace all instances of one substring with another; # prints "he(ell)(ell)o" print world .strip() # Strip leading and trailing whitespace; prints "world" 可以在这里中查看详细的方法列表。
复杂数据类型
列表
Python中的列表等价于数组,不过其能够动态扩展并且能够存放不同类型的数值。
xs = [3, 1, 2] # Create a list print xs, xs[2] # Prints "[3, 1, 2] 2" print xs[-1] # Negative indices count from the end of the list; prints "2" xs[2] = foo # Lists can contain elements of different types print xs # Prints "[3, 1, foo]" xs.append(bar) # Add a new element to the end of the list print xs # Prints "[3, 1, foo, bar]" x = xs.pop() # Remove and return the last element of the list print x, xs # Prints "bar [3, 1, foo]" 同样你可以在文档中查看更多的细节。
切片
Python中对于数组的访问也相当人性化,通过简单的操作符即可以完成对于数组中子数组的截取。
nums = range(5) # range is a built-in function that creates a list of integers print nums # Prints "[0, 1, 2, 3, 4]" print nums[2:4] # Get a slice from index 2 to 4 (exclusive); prints "[2, 3]" print nums[2:] # Get a slice from index 2 to the end; prints "[2, 3, 4]" print nums[:2] # Get a slice from the start to index 2 (exclusive); prints "[0, 1]" print nums[:] # Get a slice of the whole list; prints ["0, 1, 2, 3, 4]" print nums[:-1] # Slice indices can be negative; prints ["0, 1, 2, 3]" nums[2:4] = [8, 9] # Assign a new sublist to a slice print nums # Prints "[0, 1, 8, 9, 4]" 遍历
你可以使用基本的for循环来遍历数组中的元素,就像下面介个样纸:
animals = [cat, dog, monkey] for animal in animals: print animal # Prints "cat", "dog", "monkey", each on its own line. 如果你在循环的同时也希望能够获取到当前元素下标,可以使用enumerate函数:
animals = [cat, dog, monkey] for idx, animal in enumerate(animals): print #%d: %s % (idx + 1, animal) # Prints "#1: cat", "#2: dog", "#3: monkey", each on its own line 变换
在编程中我们经常需要对数组进行变换,比较著名的我们可以使用map、reduce、filter这几个函数,而在Python中提供了非常方便的List Comprehension操作符。譬如我们需要对数组中元素进行依次平方操作
nums = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4] squares = [] for x in nums: squares.append(x ** 2) print squares # Prints [0, 1, 4, 9, 16] 我们可以简写为如下方式:
nums = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4] squares = [x ** 2 for x in nums] print squares # Prints [0, 1, 4, 9, 16] List Comprehensions也支持进行条件选择:
nums = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4] even_squares = [x ** 2 for x in nums if x % 2 == 0] print even_squares # Prints "[0, 4, 16]" 字典
Python中的字典类型即类似于Java中的Map或者JavaScript中的Object,也就是所谓的键值对类型,基本的使用方式为:
d = { cat: cute, dog: furry} # Create a new dictionary with some data print d[cat] # Get an entry from a dictionary; prints "cute" print cat in d # Check if a dictionary has a given key; prints "True" d[fish] = wet # Set an entry in a dictionary print d[fish] # Prints "wet" # print d[monkey] # KeyError: monkey not a key of d print d.get(monkey, N/A) # Get an element with a default; prints "N/A" print d.get(fish, N/A) # Get an element with a default; prints "wet" del d[fish] # Remove an element from a dictionary print d.get(fish, N/A) # "fish" is no longer a key; prints "N/A" 遍历
对于字典的遍历也非常简单:
d = { person: 2, cat: 4, spider: 8} for animal in d: legs = d[animal] print A %s has %d legs % (animal, legs) # Prints "A person has 2 legs", "A spider has 8 legs", "A cat has 4 legs" 如果你希望同时访问键和其对应的值,可以使用iteritems方法:
d = { person: 2, cat: 4, spider: 8} for animal, legs in d.iteritems(): print A %s has %d legs % (animal, legs) # Prints "A person has 2 legs", "A spider has 8 legs", "A cat has 4 legs" 变换
nums = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4] even_num_to_square = { x: x ** 2 for x in nums if x % 2 == 0} print even_num_to_square # Prints "{ 0: 0, 2: 4, 4: 16}" Set
Set是一系列无序且唯一的元素的集合:
animals = { cat, dog} print cat in animals # Check if an element is in a set; prints "True" print fish in animals # prints "False" animals.add(fish) # Add an element to a set print fish in animals # Prints "True" print len(animals) # Number of elements in a set; prints "3" animals.add(cat) # Adding an element that is already in the set does nothing print len(animals) # Prints "3" animals.remove(cat) # Remove an element from a set print len(animals) # Prints "2" 遍历
集合遍历的语法和数组遍历很类似,不过因为集合本身是无序的,因此你不能够依赖于遍历的顺序来预测集合中元素的顺序:
animals = { cat, dog, fish} for idx, animal in enumerate(animals): print #%d: %s % (idx + 1, animal) # Prints "#1: fish", "#2: dog", "#3: cat" 变换
from math import sqrt nums = { int(sqrt(x)) for x in range(30)} print nums # Prints "set([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5])" Tuples
Python中的Tuple指不可变的有序元素集合,Tuple很类似于列表,不过区别在于Tuple可以做字典中的键类型,而列表则不可以。
d = { (x, x + 1): x for x in range(10)} # Create a dictionary with tuple keys t = (5, 6) # Create a tuple print type(t) # Prints "<type tuple>" print d[t] # Prints "5" print d[(1, 2)] # Prints "1" Function:函数
Python中的函数使用def关键字进行定义,譬如:
def sign(x): if x > 0: return positive elif x < 0: return negative else: return zero for x in [-1, 0, 1]: print sign(x) # Prints "negative", "zero", "positive" 同时,Python中的函数还支持可选参数:
def hello(name, loud=False): if loud: print HELLO, %s! % name.upper() else: print Hello, %s % name hello(Bob) # Prints "Hello, Bob" hello(Fred, loud=True) # Prints "HELLO, FRED!" Classes:类
Python中对于类的定义也很直接:
class Greeter(object): # Constructor def __init__(self, name): self.name = name # Create an instance variable # Instance method def greet(self, loud=False): if loud: print HELLO, %s! % self.name.upper() else: print Hello, %s % self.name g = Greeter(Fred) # Construct an instance of the Greeter class g.greet() # Call an instance method; prints "Hello, Fred" g.greet(loud=True) # Call an instance method; prints "HELLO, FRED!" 【本文是专栏作者“张梓雄 ”的原创文章,如需转载请通过与作者联系】
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